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Introduction To Software

Introduction To Software

Set of programs that are used to communicate with computer are called software. or the programs that we make in the computer are called software ( that we can see but not touch ). Language and Packages like MS Word ,MS Excel,Basic&COBOL etc. Computer does nothing unless it is   given instruction to perform.

Software has two types:

1.System Software 

2. Application Software

1.System Software 

System Software consists of the programs that control over all operations of the computer system .

System Software has following types:

3/4 Operating System 

3/4 Translators

3/4 system Utilities

Operating System

A Software that controls the hardware 'OR'A Software that provides such an environment to user in which he operates computer easily.It is responsible for the flow of data between different components of computers.

Translators 

To execute programs from high level language to computer code ( The binary pattern '0 and 1'), some system are used called translators.These are of following types:

1.Interpreters 

2.Compilers

3.Assemblers

System Utilities:

Utilities are system software's They provide useful service by performing common tasks such as sorting, merging and copying.

2.Application Software 

Software designed to do a specific task is called application software it has two categories:

1.General Software

2.Standard Software

General Software

It consists of different languages.

Language

All the computer programs and instruction are written in computer language. It is such software in which the programmer makes the programming types of language :

1 Low level Language 

2.High level Language

3.Middle level Language

Standard Software 

Package:

Package is such a software in which programming is already made.user just operates this software .In other words we can say that package is a  pre-made program.It has following categories:

1.Word Processing (MS-Word ,Word Perfect,Word Pad,Writer)

2.Spread Sheet (MS=Excel, Lotus 123)

3.Database (MS-Access,Oracle,SQL)

4.Graphics (MS-Point, Corel draw,Photo Shop

Basic TasksPerform With Short Keys

Basic Tasks Perform With Short Keys

Action	Press
Display	F1
Rename The Selected Item	F2
Search for a file or folder	F3
Active the menu bar in the active program	F10
Refresh the active window	F5(Ctrl +R)
Open or close the Star menu	Windows logo key
Cycle through Programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip-_D	Window logo key +Tab
Display the system Properties dialog box	Windows logo key +pause
Display the desktop	Windows logo key +D
Minimize all windows	Window logo key +M
Restore minimized windows to the desktop	Window logo key +Shift +M
Open Computer	Windows logo key +E
Search for a file or folder	Windows logo key +F
Lock your computer or switch users	Windows logo key +L
Open the run dialog box	Window logo key +R
Maximize the windows	Windows logo key  +Up Arrow
Maximize the window to the left side of the screen	Window logo key +Left Arrow
Minimize the windows to the right side of the screen	Windows logo key +Right Arrow
Minimize the window	Window logo key +Down Arrow
Minimize all but the active window	Windows logo key =Home
Open Task Manager	Ctrl+ Shift +Esc

 

What is Hertz

What is Hertz
In 1887 German physician Heinrich Hertz demonstrate the effects of electromagnetic radiation through space,In this honor the hertz (HZ) is now the standard unit for the measurement of the frequency (1 HZ equals one complete cycle per second)

The Unit Of Storage

The Unit of Storage

Memory	Value.
Bit	Smallest unit of information, short hand term  for  binary digit.
Nibble	4 bits (Half of a byte)
Byte	8 bits (Equal to one Character)
Word	16  bits on most personal computers (longer words possible on large Computers)
Kilobyte(KB)	1024 bytes
Megabyte(MB)	1,048,576 bytes (Approximately one million bytes or 1024 KB)
Gigabyte(GB)	1,073,741,824 bytes (Approximately one billion bytes or 1024 MB)
Terabyte(TB)	1024 Gigabyte of data

The Binary System

The Binary System

The binary system of numbers uses the base of 2(0 and 1).A bit can exist in only two states.ON or OFF

What is Data

What is Data 

A collection of fact and figures that we give to the computer for gathering useful result and information is called data. There is three types of data.

• Alphabetic Data (A to Z)
• Numeric Data(0 to 9)
• Alphanumeric Data (A to Z and 0 to 9)

Secondary Storage

Secondary Storage

Secondary Storage
It has three types.

1. Magnetic Disk
2. Optical  Disk
3. Flash Memory

Magnetic Disk

It is most widely used storage media for all type of computer.A magnetic disk is a thin circular metal plate or platter coated `with magnetic material.Information disk is can be record on or read from the magnetic surface through magnetism. Magnetic disk is a random access media .

Type Of  Magnetic Disk

There are the following of the magnetic disk.

1. Hard Disk
2. Floppy Disk
3. Zip Disk 

Optical Disc

Optical disk issued laser technology to read or write information.LASER stand for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Laser beam is user to make time holes on the surface of the disk.

Compact Disk(CD)

Cd is the most popular optical medium. It can hold 650 MB to 800 MB of data.the data on the CD cannot be erased like magnetic diskettes.

DVD

DVD, also known as "Digital Versatile Disc" or "Digital Video disc", is an optical disc storage media forma. Its main uses are video and data storage.DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs(CD),but store more than six times as much data.

Blu-Ray Disc

Blu-Ray Disc (official abbreviation BD) is an is optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the DVD format. The standard Physical medium is  12 cm plastic optical disc, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Blu -Ray Discs contain 25 GB per layer.with dual layer discs (50 GB)the standard for feature-length video discs and additional layers possible in the future.

Flash Memory And Drive 

Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and re-programmed. It is primarily used in memory cards,USB flash drives, Mp3 players and solid-state drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products. Its is a specific type of  EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read -only memory) that is erased and programmed in large blocks; in early flash the entire chip bad to be erased at once. 

USB Drive

A USB flash drive consists of a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface.USB flash drives are typically removable and re writable, and physically much smaller than a floppy disk.Most weight less than 30g. Storage capacities in 2010 can be as large as 256 GB with steady improvements in size and price per capacity expected . 

Storage

Storage
Storage refers to the media either data are storage temporarily or permanently. There are two main types of storage.
Primary Storage or main Memory 
Secondary Storage 
Primary Storage or main Memory (RAM)
Primary storage,presently known as memory or simply RAM,is the only one directly accessible to the CPU.The CPU continuously reads instruction stored there and executes them as required.

• Operating system and other system software that controls or maintain the computer and its devices.
• Application program that carry out a specific task such as word processing etc.
• Data to be processed by the a application programs and resulting information.

RAM

RAM stand for Random Access Memory.RAM is also called main memory or primary storage, it consists of memory chips that can and written to by the processor and other devices. RAM varies in size like 128 MB,256 MB And 512 MB to 2 GB.RAM cannot data and instruction permanently.When we switch off the computer,all data and instruction from RAM are washed or vanished.Therefor it is called volatile memory.

ROM

ROM stand for Read Only Memory.it consists of those instruction that prepare the computer for use.ROM instruction are automatically load into the main Memory.These instruction can only be read but cannot be changed or deleted.it is not possible to write new instruction into the ROM.it store data and Instruction permanently.When we switch off the computer,the instructions stored in the ROM are not lost. Therefore it is a non-volatile memory.